Al-Hasanah : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam

PENGARUH PEMBINAAN BERBASIS ASRAMA DAN RELIGIOSITAS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM BAGI PESERTA DIDIK

Miftah Fatiah Aziqra, Ubaidillah Al Ghifarry , Pahrurraji — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to examine the influence of dormitory-based coaching and religiosity on Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning outcomes at SMP AQL Islamic School (AQLIS) Jonggol, West Java. The method used is ex-post facto with a sociological and psychological approach. The research population consisted of 123 male students, with a sample of 54 informants selected by purposive and random sampling, including school principals, high achieving students and non-achieving students. Data was collected through questionnaires and documentation, and validated with internal and external validity and Cronbach's Alpha reliability. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and inferentially, including normality, homogeneity, linearity tests, and hypothesis testing using product moment correlation and simple linear regression. The research results show that dormitory-based coaching and religiosity have a significant influence on student PAI learning outcomes at AQLIS Middle School. Structured dormitory development and increasing student religiosity have been proven to contribute positively to student understanding and achievement in PAI subjects. These findings indicate the important role of the dormitory environment and the development of religiosity in improving the quality of Islamic religious education in boarding schools.

EFEKTIVITAS METODE ATQA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN TADABBUR QUR’AN DI PESANTREN QUR’AN AR-RAHMAN, MEGAMENDUNG, BOGOR

Ahmad Fauzan M, Muh. Ubaidillah Alghifari Slamet, Ahmad Dimyati Badruzzaman — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ATQA (Academy Tadaabur Qur’an) method in learning Tadabbur Qur'an at the Ar-Rahman Qur'an Islamic Boarding School, Megamendung, Bogor. The research method uses a case study with directur, teadher, Islamic boarding school students as participants. Data was collected through classroom observations, interviews with teachers, and Tadabbur Qur'an comprehension tests. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. The results show that the ATQA method is effective in increasing students' understanding of the Al-Qur'an, including the ability to study, reflect on, and question the verses of the Al-Qur'an. In addition, this method deepens their understanding of moral and spiritual values. In conclusion, the implementation of the ATQA method in learning Tadabbur Qur'an at the Ar-Rahman Qur'an Islamic Boarding School can increase the effectiveness of learning and appreciation of the teachings of the Qur'an. The practical implication is a recommendation to integrate the ATQA method in the Islamic boarding school curriculum as an effort to strengthen understanding and appreciation of the Al-Qur'an among Islamic students

PEMBINAAN AKHLAKUL KARIMAH PADA SISWA SMA SWASTA AR-RAHMAN KECAMATAN HELVETIA MEDAN

Sakban Lubis, Syarifuddin, Mukhlis Malik, Muhammad Kamil, Amanda Devina — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to describe and analyze in depth about the model of fostering Akhlakul in Ar-Rahman Private High School Students in Helvetia District. Research on Ar-Rahman Private High School Students uses an anthropological approach and this is a qualitative research. Data collection is done by conducting interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out with descriptive analytics, namely giving meaning to the data collected, and from that meaning conclusions were drawn. The results showed: that the implementation of moral coaching at Ar-Rahman Private High School Students in Helvetia District has been running well as expected, This can be seen from the daily behavior of students, such as in terms of speaking, both with teachers, friends, and the surrounding community, good manners, then from the way of dressing that looks polite to reflect students, both inside the dormitory and outside the dormitory. Faktor pendukung dalam membina akhlak siswa adalah adanya kerjasama antara pihak madrasah dengan pihak asrama, baik pengasuh maupun pembina, kerjasama dengan semua guru mata pelajaran. While the inhibiting factors in fostering student morals in Ar-Rahman Private High School Students in Helvetia District are lack of support from the family, the environment, students are in the company of their peers who have the same level of ego so that sometimes conflicts often arise.

INTERNALISASI NILAI AKHLAKUL KARIMAH PADA SISWA KELAS XI MADRASAH ALIYAH SWASTA TARBIAH ISLAMIYAH HAMPARAN PERAK KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

Muklis Malik, Sakban Lubis, Zulfi Imran, Amanda Devina — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze in depth the efforts to internalize Akhlakul Karimah (noble character) among the 11th-grade students of the Tarbiah Islamiyah Private Madrasah Aliyah in the Hamparan Perak District, Deli Serdang Regency. The process of internalizing noble character at Madrasah Aliyah Tarbiyah Islamiyah Hamparan Perak will be detailed, including the methods used and the factors that support and hinder its implementation. This research is qualitative in nature, with the background set at Madrasah Aliyah Tarbiyah Islamiyah. Data will be collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis will be conducted using descriptive analytical methods to derive conclusions from the meaning of the collected data. The research findings indicate that the implementation of character internalization at Madrasah Aliyah Tarbiyah Islamiyah Hamparan Perak has been successful as expected, reflected in the daily behaviors of students, including courteous communication with teachers, peers, and the surrounding community. Supporting factors include the collaboration between the madrasah and the boarding school, as well as cooperation with subject teachers and class guardians. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include a lack of support from families and the environment, as well as peer influence among students.

DAMPAK IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MEMBENTUK KARAKTER SISWA

Siti Nurmalasari, Jaenal Abidin, Ferianto — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the impact of implementing Islamic Religious Education (PAI) on students' character development. Islamic Religious Education plays an important role in shaping the morals and ethics of individuals within the Muslim community. The objective of this research is to identify the effects of applying Islamic religious education on children's character formation. The focus of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic religious education influences children's character development. The research methodology uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify, evaluate, and interpret findings related to the research topic. The research results show that PAI education has a significant impact on students' character formation, as reflected in a strong understanding of morals and the application of Islamic values in daily life. Additionally, PAI education contributes to increased religious knowledge and the development of practical skills among students. Thus, PAI education not only provides a theoretical understanding of Islam but also shapes students into responsible and virtuous individuals. Although there are other external factors that influence moral development, PAI education remains a fundamental foundation in character education in schools.

MERAJUT KONEKSITAS DENGAN AL QUR'AN DI ERA DIGITAL

Mohammad Akib — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research reviews the challenges and solutions in building a connection with the Qur'an in the digital age, while presenting the necessary strategies and resources. In the context of the rapid development of information technology, individuals often experience distractions that hinder their relationship with the Qur'an. However, the digital era also offers a great opportunity to expand access and deepen understanding of the holy book of Islam. This research adopts a qualitative approach and literature review to explore methods and intellectual capabilities in strengthening the connection with the Qur'an in the digital era. This approach includes literature studies and content analysis to understand the effectiveness of using digital technology in enhancing spiritual relationships with the Qur'an. The aim of this research is to understand how digital technology can be effectively used to deepen spiritual relationships and understanding of the Qur'an, as well as to identify the challenges and solutions individuals face in utilizing this technology in their daily religious practices. The research results indicate that in the ever-evolving digital era, strengthening the connection with the Qur'an is essential for Muslims. The challenges and opportunities in deepening the relationship with the Qur'an in the digital age, as well as strategies and resources, are crucial. From technological distractions to innovations in learning, wise adaptation to technology supports the strengthening of spiritual bonds with the Qur'an. It is hoped that with the implementation of these strategies, Muslims can deepen their understanding of the Qur'an, strengthen religious practices, and enrich their religious identity in the continuously evolving digital age.

HUBUNGAN KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL TERHADAP AKHLAK MULIA SISWA DI SMP NEGERI 1 CIBUNGBULANG

Helina Amara, Dedi Supriadi, Sofian Muhlisin — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Spiritual intelligence is a potential that every human being must have. A person is said to have spiritual intelligence if that person is able to place and deal with situations wisely based on the value of faith to obtain happiness both in this world and in the afterlife. Likewise, with noble character, humans can maintain good relations between fellow humans so that humans will live in comfort, affection and hope for the blessing of Allah SWT. If students have good spiritual intelligence then this supports students to have noble character. This research aims to 1) determine the spiritual intelligence of students at SMP Negeri 1 Cibungbulang. 2) knowing the noble character of students at SMP Negeri 1 Cibungbulang. 3) determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and the noble character of students at SMP Negeri 1 Cibungbulang. The method used in this research is quantitative correlational. This research was carried out at SMP Negeri 1 Cibungbulang from December 2023 to March 2024. The population used was class VIII students, totaling 360 students. The sampling technique used a simple random sample because the research population was more than 100 people, the researchers only took 10% of the total population of 36 students. The results of research using correlation tests using the Pearson correlation formula show that there is a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and the noble character of students at SMP Negeri 1 Cibungbulang. This test shows that the correlation value for the variables.

PERSPEKTIF TEORI KOGNITIF PADA KESULITAN BELAJAR DALAM KURIKULUM MERDEKA

Adisty Zulfa Pratiwi, Nayla Siti Kurnia Salamah, Sitti Chadidjah — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This article discusses the perspective of cognitive theory regarding learning difficulties in the context of the Merdeka Curriculum. The Merdeka Curriculum, implemented in Indonesia, aims to provide more freedom to students and teachers in the learning process. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, one of which is the learning difficulties experienced by students. This article examines how cognitive theory can be used to understand and address these learning difficulties. By adopting views from several major cognitive theories such as information processing theory, Piaget's cognitive development theory, and Bandura's social learning theory, this article explains the cognitive factors that influence students' learning abilities. In addition, this article also provides recommendations for learning strategies that align with cognitive principles to help students overcome their learning difficulties. Through this approach, it is expected to create a more inclusive and effective learning environment within the Merdeka Curriculum.

DINAMIKA INTERAKSI SOSIAL DI KELAS IMPLIKASI TERHADAP PRESTASI SISWA DALAM PSIKOLOGI PENDIDIKAN

Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Social interaction in the classroom has a significant impact on student learning achievement. From an educational psychology perspective, the dynamics of social interactions between students and teachers and their relationship with academic achievement are the main focus in formulating effective educational strategies. This article aims to explore various aspects of the dynamics of social interaction in the classroom and analyze their implications for junior high school students' learning achievement in the context of Islamic education. This research is included in library research. This literature study research is research where the data source comes from the literature which is then collected into one. Social interactions are forms that are visible when individuals or groups of people present relationships with each other, especially by prioritizing groups and social layers as the main elements of social structure. Learning achievement is the level of success of students in studying material at school, in the form of scores obtained from exams related to several materials. A conducive classroom climate encourages students to be passionate about learning and study good subject matter. Judging from the explanation above, it is very clear that social interaction in the classroom can influence learning achievement so special attention is needed to increase knowledge, especially Educational Psychology.

INOVASI GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TATAP MUKA TERBATAS PANDEMI COVID-19 DI MTsN 3 TRENGGALEK

Ilham Yahya Romandoni — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

It is certainly not easy for teachers to overcome various obstacles in teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovation in education is essential to overcome the problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Problems in applying the knowledge learned arise when teachers' enthusiasm for innovation decreases. Educational innovation is needed to facilitate student learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explains how COVID-19 Limits Face-to-Face Learning Activities, Media Choices and its Impact. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study. Data sources consist of primary and secondary data. The primary sources of information are Islamic Religious Education Teachers and Students. Secondary data sources are documents. Data collection methods include observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Analyzing research materials includes summarizing, presenting and summarizing data. Data validity checks include extended participation, continuous observation, and triangulation. The results of this study show that learning is managed by starting the learning process with dhuha prayers in the mosque, followed by learning in the classroom, then the students begin with prayer, attendance, and explanation of the material. PAI teachers provide material to students and end again with prayer. The class lasts about 30 minutes. Face-to-face teaching is limited to a few classes. The selection of learning media uses technology frequently. In the utilization of technology, E-Learning in Madrasah and WhatsApp groups, while PowerPoint is the general media. As a result, the students can fully understand the material taught by the Religious Education teacher, become more persistent and active in learning, and be encouraged to study Islamic Religious Education subjects.

PENGARUH GERAKAN LITERASI SEKOLAH TERHADAP MINAT MEMBACA BUKU SUMBER PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SMA NEGERI 9 PEKANBARU

Saszlin Rahmadhani, Risnawati, Miftahirrizqa, Yudha Okta Anuhgra — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research aimed at testing the influence of school literacy movement toward interest in reading Islamic education resource books at State Senior High School 9 Pekanbaru. It was quantitative research. 936 students at State Senior High School 9 Pekanbaru were the population of this research, and 10% of them or 94 students were the samples. Questionnaire and documentation were the techniques of collecting data. Simple regression analysis was the technique of analyzing data. Based on data analysis result, the probability score of sig 0.001 was lower than the probability score 0.05, or 0.001<0.05, so H₀ was rejected H_a was accepted. It meant that the coefficient of regression was significant. There was a significant influence of school literacy movement toward interest in reading Islamic education resource books at State Senior High School 9 Pekanbaru. The contribution of school literacy movement to interest in reading Islamic education resource books was 93.8%, and 6.2% was influenced or explained by other variables.

TAHAP PERKEMBANGAN MORAL ANAK PERSPEKTIF PSIKOLOGI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Darmalinda, Wahidah Fitriani — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research examines the stages of moral development in children from the perspective of Islamic educational psychology. The main issues discussed include the linguistic definition of morality and definitions by experts. Furthermore, the research addresses the stages of moral development in children and the factors influencing their moral development. The research aims to understand how Islamic educational psychology views the moral development of children and to identify key factors contributing to the formation of moral values in this context. The research employs a qualitative approach through literature review and document analysis. Data sources are drawn from relevant books and online journals related to the stages of moral development in children within the framework of Islamic educational psychology. Data analysis involves detailing the definition of morality, describing the stages of moral development, and analyzing the factors influencing children's moral development. The results of the study indicate that Islamic educational psychology significantly contributes to understanding and shaping the moral development of children. The stages of moral development in children can be systematically categorized, and factors such as the environment, family education, and religious influence play crucial roles in this process. It is hoped that this research provides valuable insights for educators, parents, and researchers in developing holistic and morally oriented educational approaches for children.

BUDAYA LITERASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS BELAJAR SISWA DI SMP ZAINUDDIN WARU SIDOARJO

Ainur Rosyidah, Musawir — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Education is a process of passing on cultural values from one generation to the next generation through the learning process. Education and literacy are two very important things. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze literacy culture in increasing student learning creativity at Zainuddin Waru Middle School, Sidoarjo. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomological approach. As primary data, the data source comes from selected informants, including school principals, curriculum staff, teachers and students. As secondary data in the form of relevant books and journals. Data collection techniques in this research were interviews, observation and documentation. This research uses data analysis by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of the research show that the culture of literacy in increasing students' learning creativity has gone well. This can be implemented by students carrying out literacy activities in the morning known as "Literacy Minutes". The facilities at the school are very supportive and adequate, such as student diaries, libraries and wall boards. Students can also create their learning creativity through works in the form of collections of short stories, poetry and novels printed in the form of books.

PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM

Darmalinda, Fadriati — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The field of Islamic Religious Education serves as the main foundation in implementing Islamic Cultural History (SKI) in Elementary Islamic Schools (MI), Junior High Islamic Schools (MTs), and Senior High Islamic Schools (MA). This research aims to comprehend the concept of Islamic cultural history (SKI), the objectives of SKI learning, the content of SKI (in MI, MTs, and MA), teaching strategies for SKI, as well as the evaluation of SKI learning. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive research approach with document analysis. The findings reveal the necessity for the holistic development of SKI learning, involving more than mere memorization of knowledge. The coverage of SKI material needs to be expanded to ensure a profound understanding. The instructional practices of SKI in MI, MTs, and MA tend to lack student engagement, indicating the need for more innovative and captivating approaches. Evaluation of learning is also a focal point, with findings suggesting suboptimal implementation to enhance the quality of SKI learning. Therefore, recommendations are proposed to improve teaching strategies, develop engaging materials, and enhance evaluation methods to ensure that SKI learning achieves its desired goals.

INTEGRASI NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DALAM AL-QUR’AN DAN HADITS PADA MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

Lilida Putri, Fadriati — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Islam is a religion that is very detailed in dealing with the problems of its creatures, Islam regulates all aspects of human life. All aspects of human life have been regulated in Islamic teachings. The Islamic religion not only regulates religious activities but also about physical and spiritual health and social relations in society. Islam also teaches about physical education and various kinds of sports recommended by the Prophet Muhammad. Allah SWT explains everything in the Qur'an and also the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad Saw. This research is to increase knowledge and insight into how the Al-Qur'an and hadith explain a person's physical education in learning Islamic Religious Education. In this research, the library research method is used, also known as literature review, by collecting various sources from previous research, in the form of theories or expert opinions from various books or articles. Physical education in Islamic Religious Education is seen as the development of a student's body and soul to be stronger in carrying out worship to Allah and always trying to get closer to Allah SWT, as well as being able to socialize well with fellow humans in a social environment. In the perspective of Islamic education, physical health can be used to support body strength as a means of carrying out worship to Allah SWT.

IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DALAM IKHTIAR MENUMBUHKAN AQIDAH AKHLAK ANAK USIA DINI

Munawir , Risma Amaliatu Sholikha, Alifya Sa'diyah Romadhona — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Learning was essentially a planned effort by teachers consciously in order to help students to meet their needs for education can also form fundamental skills and help someone to be proficient in carrying out life tasks so that the learning process occurs in him. There was an educative interaction between the teacher as a teaching subject and students as a learning subject so that an effective learning process occurs. The goals of national education will be achieved if there was appropriate and responsible cooperation between the three parties. The basic character of a person was actually formed in childhood and continues throughout life. This shows the importance of character education as an important part of basic education. The method used in this study was qualitative method. In this study, literature research methods were used, where library materials were used as data sources for the formulation of research problems. Based on the results of the analysis, morals can also be influenced by good and bad education. If a person maintains these conditions, chooses virtue and righteousness, loves the good, is passionate about the good, habituates himself to love the beautiful and hates the ugly, all this will become his character.

PENANAMAN NILAI DISIPLIN PADA ANAK-ANAK PANTI ASUHAN AL-MAA'UUN PURWOKERTO

Iing Ilham Karuniawan, Fahri Hidayat — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Non-formal education is one of the educational pathways in Indonesia and has the same role in educating the nation's children, one of which is learning carried out in orphanages. Education in an orphanage is not just about transferring knowledge, but is broader in terms of instilling educational character values, especially disciplinary values. The aim of this research is to explore the instilling of disciplinary values in children at the Al-Ma'uun Orphanage in Purwokerto. This research uses a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis is simultaneously carried out in three ways, namely data reduction, presentation, and inference or data verification. Triangulation was carried out to ensure the accuracy of the data obtained. The results of this research are the instilling of Disciplinary Values in the Children of the Purwokerto Al-Maa'uun Orphanage carried out through five activities, namely: 1) Motivation Increasing Activities (activities showing motivational videos, sowing traditions, and Koran recitation activities, 2) Education and training (Congregational Prayer Discipline, Monday and Thursday Fasting Discipline, Discipline in participating in Islamic boarding school activities, Discipline in going in and out of the orphanage, Discipline in returning home agreements, Discipline in carrying out roan (cleaning), 3) Leadership (leaders set a good example), 4) Enforcement of Rules (written rules and unwritten rules), and 5) Rewards and punishments (congregational prayer penalties, student activity penalties, and penalties for permission to leave home). From this it can be seen that instilling disciplinary values in children at the Al-Maa'uun Orphanage in Purwokerto can run well and in a programmed manner.

KARAKTER DAN ADAB DALAM PENDIDIKAN SUDUT PANDANG SYEKH AZ ZARNUJI

Pipit Pitriani, Wasehudin, Lalu Turjiman Ahmad, Wahyu Hidayat — Sat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to describe character education from Az Zarnuji's perspective. This study uses a literature study approach. In general, Sheikh Az Zarnuji's thoughts cover three things, namely: goals and intentions in learning, classification of knowledge, and methods in learning. The implementation of character education is more emphasized on goals, learning intentions and learning methods. In terms of learning methods, Az Zarnuji offers two methods, namely ethical methods and strategic methods. All of this is a form of character education put forward by Syekh Az Zarnuji in his work, namely Ta'lim Muta'allim.

Keywords: Character, Az Zarnuji's perspective

KONSEP PENDIDIKAN PEREMPUAN PERSPEKTIF KH. HASYIM ASY'ARI

M. Ilham Zidal Haq, Rofiatul Hosna — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

KH. Hasyim Asy'ari appears as a figure who fights for women's emancipation. KH. Hasyim Asy'ari has made many real contributions to the world of education. However, there has been no in-depth study of his thoughts on the concept of women's education. He made various efforts and methods to realize education for women. Among them are offering ideas about the concept of women's education. This research wants to know about KH's concept of women's education. Hasyim Asy'ari and its relevance to the current national education system. This research approach is qualitative with a library research type of research (literature review). The data analysis uses content analysis and descriptive analysis methods, and concludes according to the research focus. KH. Hasyim Asy'ari offers an education concept that places women equal to men in the right to receive education, without discrimination, and is oriented towards character building and devotion to God so that they are able to understand their obligations, responsibilities and rights as women.

STUDI ANALISIS PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN KELEMBAGAAN SMA SYUBBANUL WATHON SECANG MAGELANG

Mohammad Khoirur Rozaq, Khoirotun Ni’mah, Nisya’ Aulia Fadila, Eka Wulandari — Sat, 29 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to analyze KH. Hasyim Asy'ari's views on women's education, explore the foundations of his thoughts on the importance of equality in education, and identify the implications of these views for social and cultural development. Using a qualitative approach with a literature study method, data were collected through an analysis of literature that includes the works of KH. Hasyim Asy'ari, articles, books, and other relevant sources. The results of the research show that KH. Hasyim Asy'ari had a progressive view on women's education, emphasizing equality and the importance of access to education for all genders. He believed that women's education is a fundamental and essential right to improve the quality of individuals, families, and society. KH. Hasyim Asy'ari saw women as the primary educators of future generations, so their education would have a positive impact on social and cultural development. He rejected the view that limits women's roles to the domestic sphere without access to education and emphasized that Islam strongly encourages women to seek knowledge. Thus, women's education according to KH. Hasyim Asy'ari is considered the key to the advancement of civilization. These findings indicate that KH. Hasyim Asy'ari's teachings are relevant and can be applied in efforts to improve the quality of women's education in the modern era.